In cats, the pupil is an elliptically-shaped opening in the middle of the iris that allows light to pass through the eye to the retina. The pupil constricts or dilates (enlarges) according to the amount of light that enters the eyes, with both pupils normally dilating in dim light and constricting in bright light.
What is anisocoria?
Anisocoria is a condition in which the pupils of the cat's eyes are different sizes; in other words, one pupil is larger than the other. In some cases, the abnormal pupil may be the one that is smaller and in other cases the abnormal pupil may be the one that is larger.
What causes anisocoria?
Anisocoria is a sign of a disease of condition, therefore there can be several different causes, including:
- Corneal injury such as an ulcer.
- Disease or injury to the brain or to the nerves running to the affected eye, such as Horner’s syndrome.
- Glaucoma, a disease in which there is increased pressure within the eye (the pupil in the affected eye will be dilated).
- Uveitis, or inflammation of the interior of the eye (the pupil in the affected eye will usually be constricted).
- Retinal disease.
- Scar tissue formation between the iris and the lens (called posterior synechia), a condition that may develop following uveitis.
- Iris atrophy (a decrease in the amount of tissue within the iris) usually a degenerative change associated with aging.
- Congenital defect of the iris, in which the iris tissue does not develop properly.
- Cancer within the affected eye.
- Spastic pupil syndrome - a syndrome that may be associated with feline leukemia virus infection.
- Other infectious diseases such as feline immunodeficiency virus or toxoplasmosis.
If anisocoria occurs suddenly, you should consider this an emergency situation and seek veterinary care immediately to lessen the chance that your cat's vision will be permanently affected.
What else might I see with anisocoria?
In all cases of anisocoria, the pupil in one eye will be bigger or smaller than the one in the other eye. In some cases, that might be all that you notice. In other cases, depending on the underlying cause, the white part (sclera) of the affected eye might be red, the cornea (the outer surface of the eye) might be cloudy or bluish in color, there might be a discharge from the eye, the eyelid on the affected eye might be droopy, the cat might be squinting or rubbing at its eye, the third eyelid may be raised, or the cat may be less active than usual.
How is the cause of anisocoria diagnosed?
Your veterinarian will begin by conducting a physical examination of your cat, including a detailed examination of the structures of the eye. Depending on these preliminary findings, your veterinarian may do some further, more specific testing, such as measure the tear production and intraocular pressure (pressure within the eyes) for each eye. The cornea may be stained with fluorescein dye to look for underlying corneal injuries or ulcers, and conjunctival scrapings or biopsies may be obtained and sent to a diagnostic laboratory for specialized testing. Blood tests may be performed to determine if the condition is related to a systemic condition such as feline leukemia.
In some cases, your veterinarian may recommend a referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist for further diagnostic testing.
How is anisocoria treated?
The treatment of anisocoria depends entirely on the underlying cause of the condition, and specific treatment will be tailored specifically to the diagnosis. Your veterinarian will discuss the treatment options that are appropriate for your cat's individual circumstances.
Will my cat recover?
The prognosis for full recovery depends upon the cause of the anisocoria. In some cases, your cat may require long-term medication to control the underlying cause. If your cat became blind as a result of the underlying disease, it is extremely unlikely that the blindness will be reversible.
