What are muscle tears?
Muscle tears are traumatic injuries that cause damage to the structure of the muscle tissue.
What causes muscle tears?
Muscle tears can be caused by direct or indirect injury or trauma. The most common cause is an indirect injury, or strain, caused by overstretching during athletic activities, such as running or jumping. Direct causes include damage from a bone fracture or external lacerations (deep cuts). Lacerations can also occur from complications during surgery.
What are the clinical signs of muscle tears?
Clinical signs of muscle tears include pain when the injured area is palpated (examined by touch during a physical exam); lameness or limping; swelling of the muscle; and bruising. The clinical signs may be difficult to detect if the tear is mild.
How are muscle tears diagnosed?
Muscle tears are diagnosed by clinical signs and examining which muscles are involved; certain muscles are more likely to be affected by muscle tears than others, and each muscle can have slightly different clinical signs. Other tests can help with the diagnosis and help pinpoint the location of the injury.
- Bloodwork can measure a muscle enzyme called creatine phosphokinase (CPK); elevated levels of CPK suggests a muscle tear.
- Imaging such as radiographs (X-rays), ultrasounds, CT scans, and MRIs can help confirm the diagnosis and determine the location of the injury.
How are muscle tears treated?
Muscle tears are treated immediately with rest, cold compresses, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain, swelling and inflammation. Mild compression bandages can be used initially, depending on the affected muscle. Additional pain control may be required if the NSAID is not sufficient. Laser and ultrasound therapy may also be used to treat inflammation and enhance the healing process.
After two days, passive physical therapy can be performed to prevent complications during healing. Your veterinarian will recommend physical therapy or refer you to a rehabilitation practitioner, depending on the severity of the injury.
If the injury is mild, you can reintroduce light, controlled exercise (no running or jumping) to promote healing and return to normal function. Controlled movement during healing is essential, as complete inactivity and immobilization of the injured muscle can lead to permanent muscle contracture (tightening).
In the most severe cases, surgery is likely required. Surgery is performed two to three days after the injury so that swelling and inflammation have time to reduce.
In cases where surgery is required, exercise should be strictly controlled for a month following surgery; a detailed plan for physical therapy during this time is essential to minimize the secondary effects of immobility. Physical therapy after surgery allows for the best healing, prevents further injury, and gives your cat the opportunity for a quicker return to normal mobility.
What care will my cat require after treatment for a muscle tear?
Cats with muscle tears will likely benefit from physical therapy. The muscle will be at risk of re-injury. Gradually warming up prior to activity, limiting certain activities, and introducing specific exercises may be recommended to reduce this risk.
