Stress is a term used to refer to feelings of emotional strain or pressure. Since a stress response can be normal, other terms such as distress or negative emotional state are sometimes used. For this discussion, the term “stress” will be used. The underlying emotions related to stress, such as fear and frustration, are exceedingly varied, as are the triggers for a stress response.
Perhaps you are stressed by your job, when meeting new people, or when your daily routine is disrupted. To reduce stress levels, you may seek comfort in several ways. Maybe you find solace in the company of a trusted friend. Perhaps you relieve stress when occupied by routine chores like cleaning the house. Or maybe you blow off some steam with physical exercise.
Our dogs can become stressed too. However, our dogs do not voice their feelings, slam down the phone, or have a tantrum, so how can we tell they are stressed? The signs of anxiety in dogs are often subtle and can easily be misinterpreted unless the full context is understood.
What are some of the indicators of stress in dogs?
Pacing or shaking. You have seen your dog shake after a bath or a roll in the grass. That whole-body shake can be amusing and is quite normal — unless it occurs as the result of a stressful situation. For example, the “shake off” that dogs often do after they descend from the veterinarian’s exam table is likely triggered by stress.
Some dogs pace when they are agitated or frightened. Some dogs walk a repeated path around the exam room while waiting for the veterinarian to come in.
Whining or barking. Vocalization is normal self-expression in dogs but may be intensified when they are under stress. Dogs that are afraid or tense may whine or bark to get your attention, or to self-soothe.
Yawning, drooling, and licking. Dogs yawn when they are tired or bored, and they also yawn when stressed. A stressful yawn is more prolonged and intense than a sleepy yawn. Dogs may also drool and lick excessively when nervous.
Changes in eyes and ears. Stressed dogs, like stressed people, may have dilated pupils and blink rapidly. They may open their eyes wide and show more sclera (white) than usual, giving them a startled appearance. Their ears may be pinned back against their head.
Changes in body posture. Dogs normally bear weight evenly on all four legs. If a healthy dog with no orthopedic problems shifts their weight to the rear legs or cowers, they may be exhibiting stress. When scared, dogs may also tuck their tails or become rigid.
Shedding. Show dogs that become nervous in the show ring often “blow their coat”. Dogs also shed a lot when in the veterinary clinic. Although less noticeable in outside settings, such as visiting a new dog park, shedding increases when a dog is anxious.
Panting. Dogs pant when hot, excited, or stressed. If your dog is panting even though they have not exercised, they may be experiencing stress.
Changes in bodily functions. Like people, nervous dogs may experience an increased urgency to urinate or defecate. Dogs may experience gastrointestinal (GI) upset that can include vomiting, diarrhea, and refusing food.
Avoidance or displacement behavior. When faced with an unwelcome situation, dogs may “escape” by focusing on something else. They may sniff or dig the ground, lick their genitals, or simply turn away. Ignoring someone may not be polite, but it is surely better than being aggressive. If your dog avoids interaction with other dogs or people, do not force the issue. Respect their choice.
Hiding or escape behavior. An extension of avoidance, some tense dogs move behind a trusted person or behind a nearby object. They may even nudge or jump on their person to prompt them to move along.
How can I help my dog handle stressful situations?
To differentiate stress signs from normal behavior, you must be familiar with your dog’s regular demeanor and pay attention to the context. That way, you can tell if they are licking their lips because they are anxious or because they want a treat. A relaxed dog usually has semi-erect or forward-facing ears, a soft mouth, and round eyes. They will distribute their weight evenly on all four paws.
If you notice signs that your dog is stressed, first remove them from the stressor. Find a quiet place to regroup. Resist the urge to overly comfort them. You may be able to use a treat to lure them to a safer spot. For some dogs, being asked to follow some routine commands for treats provides a positive distraction. For other dogs, being asked to focus on a person or take food can be a negative experience; do not repeatedly ask your dog to engage with you if signs of stress increase.
If your dog becomes stressed often or in response to many triggers, see your veterinarian. After ensuring that your dog’s behavior does not have a physical basis, your veterinarian may refer you to a trainer or veterinary behaviorist for further assessment. A treatment plan may include behavior modification, a change in the daily routine, medications to relieve physical discomfort, and medications to reduce the emotional response to the triggers.
As with humans, exercise can be a great stress reducer. For healthy dogs, physical activities such as walking or playing fetch may help both you and your dog release tension. It is also important to provide your dog with a safe place in the home where they can escape stimuli that trigger a stress response. Everybody enjoys a calm place to retreat.
